An investigation on the utilization of Kurdish as the first language (L1) in English as a foreign language (L2) classes: A case study at the University of Human Development in non-English departments

Al Hariri, K. (2015). Using L1 in teaching English to advanced students. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(6), 220-223. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.4n.6p.220

Ali, E. H. F., Ahmed, F. E. Y., & Kottaparamban, M. (2023). Utilizing of codeswitching in English language classrooms in Sudanese schools: Teachers' perspectives. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 13(5), 1238-1244. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1305.18

Al-Nofaie, H. (2010). The attitudes of teachers and students towards using Arabic in EFL classrooms in Saudi public schools: A case study. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 4(1), 64-95.

Al-Ta'ani, M. H. (2019). The use of Arabic (L1) in the EFL classrooms: How do Umm Al Quwain teachers and students perceive it. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 2(2), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijce.v2i2.4229

Alyami, M., & Mohsen, M. A. (2019). The use of a reading lexicon to aid contextual vocabulary acquisition by EFL Arab learners. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48, 1005-1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-019-09644-z

Andreou, G., & Galantomos, I. (2009). The native speaker ideal in foreign language teaching. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 6(2), 200-208.

Anh, K. H. K. (2012). Use of Vietnamese in English language teaching in Vietnam: Attitudes of Vietnamese university teachers. English Language Teaching, 3(2), 119-128.

Atkinson, D. (1987). The mother tongue in the classroom: A neglected resource? ELT Journal, 41(4), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/41.4.241

Auerbach, E. R. (1993). Reexamining English only in the ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 27(1), 9-32. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586949

Awla, S. Q., & Hamad, K. A. (2023). Kurdish language interference in learning English as a foreign language: Grammatical negative transfer. Twejer Journal, 6(1), 2018-2061.

Balabakgil, B., & Mede, E. (2016). The use of L1 as a teaching strategy by native and non-native EFL instructors at a language preparatory program in Turkey. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 7(6), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.15

Bozorgian, H., & Fallahpour, M. (2015). The use of L1 in teaching English vocabulary to Iranian EFL learners. International Journal of English Language Education, 3(1), 23-34.

Brooks-Lewis, K. A. (2009). Adult learners' perceptions of the incorporation of their L1 in foreign language teaching and learning. Applied Linguistics, 30(2), 216-235. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amn051

Butzkamm, W. (2003). We only learn language once. The role of the mother tongue in FL classrooms: Death of a dogma. Language Learning Journal, 28(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571730385200181

Butzkamm, W. (2009). The bilingual reform: A paradigm shift in foreign language teaching. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783484431225.152

Carless, D. (2002). Implementing task-based learning with young learners. ELT Journal, 56(4), 389-396. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/56.4.389

Carless, D. (2008). Student use of the mother tongue in the task-based classroom. ELT Journal, 62(4), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccm090

Cemiloglu, D. (2009). Language policy and national unity: The dilemma of the Kurdish language in Turkey: A case study on language policy between 1924-2009 [Senior honors thesis]. University of Pennsylvania, Department of Political Science.

Cheng, F. (2023, February). The role of first language in second language acquisition. In 2022 4th International Conference on Literature, Art and Human Development (ICLAHD 2022) (pp. 1236- 1243). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-97-8_158

Choi, L. J. (2024). English as an important but unfair resource: University students' perception of English and English language education in South Korea. Teaching in Higher Education, 29(1), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1965572

Cook, V. (2001). Using the first language in the classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review, 57(3), 402- 423. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.57.3.402

Cook, V. (2008). Second language learning and language teaching (4th ed.). Hodder Education.

Creswell, J. W. (1999). Mixed-method research: Introduction and application. In G. J. Cizek, Handbook of educational policy (pp. 455-472). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012174698-8/50045-X

Cummins, J. (2007). Rethinking monolingual instructional strategies in multilingual classrooms. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 221-240.

Dastgahian, E. S., & Rostami, H. (2013). Early bilingual acquisition: A case study in Iran. International Journal of English Linguistics, 3(6), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v3n6p97

de Jong, E. (2020). The changing landscape of English teaching. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 2(4), 119-127.

Dörnyei, Z., & Taguchi, T. (2009). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration, and processing. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203864739

Fries, C. C. (1945). Teaching & learning English as a foreign language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

El-Dakhs, D. A. S., ElHajj, H., & Al-Haqbani, J. N. (2018). The effect of word type on the L1 support for L2 vocabulary learning: The case of Arab EFL learners. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(4), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n4p25

Ellis, R. (1997). Second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fadhil, A. (2023). Investigating the dominance of English as a foreign language on Kurdish language: Duhok City private schools as a case study [Master's thesis]. University of Duhok. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4619810

Galali, A., & Cinkara, E. (2017). The use of L1 in English as a foreign language classes: Insights from Iraqi tertiary level students. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 8(5), 54-64. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.5p.54

Ghafar, Z. N., & Mohamedamin, A. A. (2023). Using the Kurdish language in the EFL classrooms: An investigation of teachers' and students' perceptions and attitudes between two institutes in Sulaymaniyah city. American Journal of Creative Education, 6(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.55284/ajce.v6i1.832

Graddol, D. (2006). English next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a foreign language'. London, UK: British Council.

Graham, S., & Santos, D. (2015). Strategies for second language listening: Current scenarios and improved pedagogy. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137410528

Griffith, A. (2009). SPSS for Dummies. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Griffiths, C. (2004). Language-learning strategies: Theory and research (Vol. 1). AIS St Helens, Centre for Research in International Education.

Gunes, C., & Zeydanlioğu, W. (Eds.). (2014). The Kurdish question in Turkey. New perspectives on violence, representation, and reconciliation. London: Routledge.

Hashemi, S. M., & Sabet, M. K. (2013). The Iranian EFL students' and teachers' perception of using Persian in general English classes. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 2(2), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.2p.142

Hidayati, I. N. (2012). Evaluating the role of L1 in teaching receptive skills and grammar in EFL classes. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v1i2.82

Hussein, A. A., & Zeebaree, H. (2020). Evaluating the use of Kurdish in EFL classes at secondary schools in Duhok city: A teacher's perspective. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 9(2), 284-290. https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v9n2a822

Iswati, L., & Hadimulyono, A. O. (2018). The role of L1 in L2 classes. EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture, 3(2), 125-134. https://doi.org/10.30659/e.3.2.125-134

Izumitani, T., & Rintaro, S. (2016). Examining Japanese teachers' use of L1 in English classes: Frequency, function and reasons behind them. Minutes of Nara University of Education. Humanities and Social Sciences, 65(1), 125-139.

James, C. (2013). Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315842912

Khan, T. A. (2023). Impact of English language imperialism on Pakistani learners' psychology. Journal of Communication and Cultural Trends, 5(2), 23-48. https://doi.org/10.32350/jcct.52.02

Kharma, N. N., & Hajjaj, A. H. (1989). Use of the mother tongue in the ESL classroom. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 27(3), 223-235.

Khoja, B., & Mohapatra, D. (2017). The real story of English language teaching in Syrian high schools and the bumpy transition into the university level. In Online Proceedings of the International Conference: DRAL (Vol. 3), 156-180.

Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Pergamon Press.

Larasati, A., Prihatin, Y., & Sumartono, H. (2022). Students' perceptions: Bilingual language used in EFL classroom. In 2nd International Conference on Social Science, Humanities, Education and Society Development (ICONS 2021) (pp. 173-178). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220101.026

Larsen-Freeman, D. (2007). Reflecting on the cognitive-social debate in second language acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, 91, 773-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00668.x

Latif, H. A. (2021). Teachers' attitudes towards using first language in English classrooms: A case study of Kurdish intermediate teachers. Journal of University of Human Development, 7(3), 115-126. https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v7n3y2021.pp115-126

Macaro, E. (2002). Learning strategies in foreign and second language classrooms. The role of learner strategies. Edinburgh: A&C Black

Macaro, E. (2009). Teacher use of codeswitching in the second language classroom: Exploring 'optimal' use. In M. Turnbull and J. Dailey-O'Cain (Eds.), First language use in second and foreign language learning (pp. 23-44). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691972-005

Manara, C. (2014). That's what worries me: Tensions in English language education in today's Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation in English Language Teaching and Research, 3(1), 21-35.

Marcellino, M. (2008). English language teaching in Indonesia: A continuous challenge in education and cultural diversity. Teflin, 19(1), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v19i1/57-69

Mekael, H. F., & Muhammed, J. D. (2023). The Impact of Interfering Mother Tongue in EFL classes on Kurdish learners at university level. Rivista Italiana di Filosofia Analitica Junior, 14(1), 158-172.

Mohammad, M. S. (2009). The impact of English language skills on the employee performance: An analytical study of sample opinions of employees of the Directorate of Relations/Public Universities/ Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq [Master's thesis]. Erbil Polytechnic University.

Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524759

Nation, P. (2003). The role of the first language in foreign language learning. Asian EFL Journal, 5(2), 1-15.

Nazary, M. (2008). The role of L1 in L2 acquisition: Attitudes of Iranian university students. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 2(2), 138-153.

Nguyen, N. D., Liwan, V. B., & Mai, T. T. (2020). Facilitating cultural exchange and fostering 21st century skills using Skype in the classroom. Computer-Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal, 21(3), 88-104.

Oxford, R. (1999). Anxiety and the language learner: New insights. In J. Arnold (Ed.), Affect in language learning (pp. 58-67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Paker, T., & Karaağaç, Ö. (2015). The use and functions of mother tongue in EFL classes. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 199, 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.494

Pan, H., & Pan, S. (2017). The benefits of using L1 in EFL classes: Insights from Taiwanese learners. English Language Teaching, 10(4), 78-89.

Pan, Y. C., & Pan, Y. C. (2010). The use of L1 in the foreign language classroom. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 12(2), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.14483/22487085.85

Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Phillipson, R. (Ed.). (2000). Rights to language: Equity, power, and education. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410605603

Qadri, T. (2006). Teachers' and students' practices and attitudes toward Arabic (L1) use in ELT [Master's thesis]. American University of Sharjah.

Sadiq, A., & Dilveen. (2022). The function of code-switching in EFL classroom at Tishk International University. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 9(2), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v9i2p219

Schweers, W. C. (1999). Using L1 in the L2 classroom. English Teaching Forum, 37(2), 6-9.

Sharma, B. K. (2006). Mother tongue use in English classroom. Journal of NELTA, 11, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v11i1.3132

Shi, L. (2007). English language teaching in China: New approaches, perspectives and standards. Jun Liu (2007) London: Continuum. pp. 340 ISBN 978-0826490360 (hb) 9780826480767 (pb). Linguistics and the Human Sciences, 3(2), 255-260. https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v3i2.255

Sofi-Karim, M. (2015). English language teaching in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq [Master's thesis]. Webster University.

Stark, K., Wexler, J., Shelton, A., Johnston, T. B., & Omohundro, K. (2024). Explicit and evi¬dence-based literacy instruction in middle school: An observation study. Reading and Writing, 37, 2253-2274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-023-10470-y

Storch, N., & Wigglesworth, G. (2003). Is there a role for the use of the L1 in an L2 setting? TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 760-770. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588224

Sulaiman, M. I. (2022). The language policy and the linguistic rights in Syria: The Kurdish language a pattern [Master's thesis]. İstanbul Kültür University.

Sundari, H., & Febriyanti, R. H. (2021). The use of first language (L1) in EFL classrooms: Teachers' practices and perspectives. International Journal of Education, 14(1), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.17509/ije.v14i1.26375

Swain, M. (1985). Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development. In S. Gass, and C. Madden (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 235-252). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Tanrıseven, U., & Kırkgöz, Y. (2021). An investigation into the teachers' use of L1 in EFL classes. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 9, 125-131. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v9iS2-Sep.4377

Taşkın, A. (2011). Perceptions on using L1 in language classrooms: A case study in a Turkish private university [Master's thesis]. Middle East Technical University.

Timor, T. (2012). Use of the mother tongue in teaching a foreign language. Language Education in Asia, 3(1), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.5746/LEiA/12/V3/I1/A02/Timor

Thompson, G. L., & Harrison, K. (2014). Language use in the foreign language classroom. Foreign Language Annals, 47(2), 321-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12079

Van de Craats, I. (2002). The role of the mother's tongue in second language learning. Babylonia, 10(4), 19-22.

Yavuz, F. (2012). The attitudes of English teachers about the use of L1 in the teaching of L2. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 4339-4344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.251

Yilmaz, B. (2016). Learning "my" language: moments of languages and identities among Kurds in the UK [Doctoral dissertation]. SOAS University of London.

Yıldız, M., & Yeşilyurt, S. (2017). Use or avoid? The perceptions of prospective English teachers in Turkey about L1 use in English classes. English Language Teaching, 10(1), 84-96. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n1p84

Yu, H. Y. (2015). Connecting classroom English to real-world English: Taiwanese teachers and students' perspectives on ELF-aware pedagogy [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Southampton.